Comparison of the Z400 and xw4600 Architectures

The HP Z400 is a new Intel? Xeon? based entry workstation, positioned above the HP xw4600 Personal Workstation. Itsarchitecture introduces significant improvements, including processor microarchitecture, memory controller architecture, and performance.Processor Technology: The Z400 uses the Intel? X58Express chipset to support the latest Quad Core Intel?Xeon? processor W3500 Series (Nehalem), includingprocessors up to 130W. These 45nm processors incorporatean integrated 3-channel memory controller, microarchitectureimprovements and large L3 cache to provide significantlybetter performance than the previous generation (Penryn).The Z400 uses the Intel? QuickPath Technology to connectthe processor and I/O controller with speeds up to6.4 GT/s, significantly increasing peak aggregate databandwidth over the xw4600.Memory Technology: The Z400’s unbuffered DIMMs(UDIMMs) are based on DDR3 1333MHz technology, andare still ECC-protected. Three direct attach memory channelsenable low latency accesses and fast data transfer, providingsignificant performance advantages over the xw4600architecture, which has two memory channels. Systemmemory sizes up to 16GB1 (using 4GB DIMMs) aresupported, a signicant increase over the 8GB system limit ofthe xw4600. DIMMs should be distributed across all threememory channels for optimal performance.Graphics: The Z400 continues support for PCIe Gen2(PCIe2) bus speeds and can support dual PCIe Gen2 graphics cards in PCIe2 x16 slots. The Z400 allocates a total of 150W for graphicscards. A single graphics card of up to 150W can be supported in the primary graphics slot, to enable cutting edge graphics. If theprimary graphics card consumes less than 150W, a second graphics card may be supported in the second Z400 PCIe2 x16 slot, subjectto the overall 150W system limit for graphics.I/O Slots: The Z400 implements an Intel? X58 I/O controller toprovide a total of six high-performance Graphics and I/O slots. Inaddition to the two full x16 PCIe Gen2 slots, two additionalPCIe x8 (4) slots (x8 mechanically, x4 electrically) on the Z400provide extra I/O bandwidth for high speed I/O cards. Openended PCIe x8 connectors allow the user to install x16 physicalsize cards in the x8 (4) slots. Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) drives aresupported via a plug-in card.Other Features: SATA RAID modes 0, 1, 5 and 10 aresupported. eSATA (3.0 Gbps) is supported using an optionaladapter. The Z400 provides 8 external and 4 internal USB 2.0ports. The 475W power supply is 85% efficient and enablesENERGY STAR v5 qualified configurations. HP WattSavertechnology enables support of the European Union EuP power limitof 1W in off mode. HP Quiet Fan Technology enables quiet systemoperation. The Intel Xeon W3500 Series workstation processorsprovide several benefits over Core i7 desktop processors, includingsupport for ECC memory for increased system reliability and Direct Cache Access2 for network performance.

graphic display comparison test, z400 and xw4600 architectures comparison, z400 and xw4600 graphic card user guide, xw4600 user manual esata, xw4600 vs z400

Read more...

Converting videos with NVIDIA CUDA graphics card

In this tutorial you can follow the step by step procedure for using Nero Move it to copy filesto a target device as well as for copying files from a device to the computer with the help ofthe new NVIDIA CUDA technology.CUDA is NVIDIA’s computing architecture that enables its GPUs to be pro-grammed using industry standard programming languages, opening up theirmassive parallel processing power to a broad range of applications beyond pu-re graphics. Nero Move it uses CUDA to convert videos in a fraction of the usu-al time, allowing you to move content between your chosen mobile devices withincredible speed and convenience.The following requirements must be fulfilled: ? You have started Nero Move it.? The device or devices that you want to use for exchanging media files are supported by Nero Move it and are available in the device list. ? A CUDA-enabled NVIDIA graphics card with NVIDIA display drivers version 185 or above is required for GPU acceleration. Please click here to download the driver.To transfer video files from your PC to your device, proceed as follows: 1. Use the andbuttons to navigate through the left device list and click the icon foryour PC. ? The container and workspace for your PC are displayed. 2. Use the andbuttons to navigate through the right device list and click the icon forthe respective device. ? The container and workspace for the selected device are displayed. 3. Choose the Videos category in the container area of the PC. ? The media files contained are displayed in the respective workspace and any existing subfolders are displayed on the container. 4. Choose the Videos category in the containeer area of the device. ? The media files contained are displayed in the respective workspace and any existing subfolders are displayed on the container. 5. Select the required video files on the left workspace and click the button. ? The Information window is opened where you can choose the encoding method. 6. Select the Use NVIDIA CUDA encoding entry from the drop down menu.7. Click the OK button. ? The media files are copied to the right workspace. Nero Move it automatically transfers the data in the format that is ideal for the target device. A window notifies you as soon asthe transfer has ended successfully.If selected media files already exist on the target device or the target devicedoes not have enpugh free disk space for them, the Comparison window o-pens. You can decide which files should be replaced or updated individually inthis window.

nvidia cuda test performance, nvidia cuda user manual, how to optimize nvidia cuda, linux nvidia cuda video encode, cuda based adobe reader, nero cuda test, convert ipod cuda, nvidia cuda ppt, encoding cuda, test cuda.

Read more...

The Use of Dual Graphics Devices on the High-End HPxw9300 Workstation

The architecture of the HP xw9300 Workstation leverages multiple new technologies, including:• The use of PCI Express x16 for each of two separate graphics channels. Each x16 channelemploys sixteen PCI Express lanes to provide 8 GB/second peak (4 GB/second in eachdirection) of bandwidth to the connected device.• Dual AMD Opteron series 200 processors, featuring 32- and 64-bit addressing, AMD’s DirectConnect Architecture, an integrated memory controller, and the AMD HyperTransport™processor interconnect technology.• HP’s renowned workstation engineering capabilities, including a personal workstation packagethat provides up to 700 watts of power (specifically for high-end graphics cards that requirelarge amounts of power), quiet cooling, completely tool-less chassis, and extensive connectivityoptions.• NVIDIA nForce Professional and AMD 8131 chipsets for high performance I/O and extensiveconnectivity.• The NVIDIA Quadro FX family of graphics solutions for PCI Express I/O interface. The NVIDIAQuadro FX family is specifically designed for high performance and high resolution needs ofhigh-end 3D graphics applications. The product family also supports NVIDIA’s Scalable LinkInterface (SLI). SLI allows custom high-performance graphics solutions, such as parallelrendering and compositing, even if a single display is used (see “SLI,” below).These technologies are described in additional detail below. Architecture As shown in Figure 2, the HP xw9300 Workstation employs one or two AMD Opteronprocessors, each with multiple ports for memory, I/O, and processor-to-processor communication.In addition, the AMD Opteron processor enables simultaneous 32- and 64-bit computing.The AMD Opteron processors feature an integrated (on-chip) DDR Memory Controller, reducingmemory latency. Reduced memory latency is important for the many workstation applications thatexhibit a high miss-rate on processor cache(s). Another benefit of the integrated memory controllerstrategy is that memory bandwidth is distributed across the processors, allowing the aggregatesystem memory bandwidth to double when the second processor is added.Each memory controller is capable of supporting up 8 GB of ECC-protected memory, resulting ina total capability of 16 GB with both processors installed.

high end graphic card test, workstation graphic card setting tutorial, how to set high end graphic card

Read more...

ECM on Graphics Cards

This paper reports record-setting performance for the elliptic-curve method of integer factorization: for example, 926.11 curves/secondfor ECM stage 1 with B1 = 8192 for 280-bit integers on a single PC.The state-of-the-art GMP-ECM software handles 124.71 curves/secondfor ECM stage 1 with B1 = 8192 for 280-bit integers using all four coresof a 2.4 GHz Core 2 Quad Q6600.The extra speed takes advantage of extra hardware, specifically twoNVIDIA GTX 295 graphics cards, using a new ECM implementationintroduced in this paper. Our implementation uses Edwards curves, re-lies on new parallel addition formulas, and is carefully tuned for thehighly parallel GPU architecture. On a single GTX 295 the implementation performs 41.88 million modular multiplications per second for ageneral 280-bit modulus. GMP-ECM, using all four cores of a Q6600,performs 13.03 million modular multiplications per second.This paper also reports speeds on other graphics processors: for exam-ple, 2414 280-bit elliptic-curve scalar multiplications per second on anolder NVIDIA 8800 GTS (G80), again for a general 280-bit modulus. Forcomparison, the CHES 2008 paper “Exploiting the Power of GPUs forAsymmetric Cryptography” reported 1412 elliptic-curve scalar multipli-cations per second on the same graphics processor despite having fewerbits in the scalar (224 instead of 280), fewer bits in the modulus (224instead of 280), and a special modulus (2224 ? 296 + 1).Keywords: Factorization, graphics processing unit, modular arithmetic,elliptic curves, elliptic-curve method of factorization, Edwards curves. * Permanent ID of this document: 6904068c52463d70486c9c68ba045839. Date of this document: 2009.01.27. This work was sponsored in part by the National ScienceFoundation under grant ITR–0716498, in part by Taiwan’s National Science Council(grants NSC-96-2221-E-001-031-MY3 and -96-2218-E-001-001, also through the Tai-wan Information Security Center NSC-97-2219-E-001-001, -96-2219-E-011-008), andin part by the European Commission through the ICT Programme under ContractICT–2007–216676 ECRYPT II. Part of this work was carried out while Bernsteinand Lange visited NTU. The elliptic-curve method (ECM) of factorization was introduced by Lenstrain [34] as a generalization of Pollard’s p ? 1 and Williams’ p + 1 method. Manyspeedups and good choices of elliptic curves were suggested and ECM is now themethod of choice to find factors in the range 1010 to 1060 of general numbers.The largest factor found by ECM was a 222-bit factor of the 1266-bit number10381 + 1 found by Dodson (see [49]).Cryptographic applications such as RSA use “hard” integers with much largerprime factors. The number-field sieve (NFS) is today’s champion method of find-ing those prime factors. It was used, for example, in the following factorizations:integer bitsdetails reportedRSA–130 430at ASIACRYPT 1996 by Cowie et al. [16]RSA–140 463at ASIACRYPT 1999 by Cavallar et al. [12]RSA–155 512at EUROCRYPT 2000 by Cavallar et al. [13]RSA–200 663in 2005 posting by Bahr et al. [4]21039 ? 1 1039 (special) at ASIACRYPT 2007 by Aoki et al. [2]A 1024-bit RSA factorization by NFS would be considerably more difficult thanthe factorization of the special integer 21039 ? 1 but has been estimated to bedoable in a year of computation using standard PCs that cost roughly $1 billionor using ASICs that cost considerably less. See [43], [35], [19], [22], [44], and [29]for various estimates of the cost of NFS hardware. Current recommendations forRSA key sizes — 2048 bits or even larger — are based directly on extrapolationsof the speed of NFS.NFS is also today’s champion index-calculus method of computing discretelogarithms in large prime fields, quadratic extensions of large prime fields, etc.See, e.g., [26], [27], and [5]. Attackers can break “pairing-friendly elliptic curves”if they can compute discrete logarithms in the corresponding “embedding fields”;current recommendations for “embedding degrees” in pairing-based cryptogra-phy are again based on extrapolations of the speed of NFS. See, e.g., [30].NFS factors a “hard” integer n by combining factorizations of many smallerauxiliary “smooth” integers. For example, the factorization of RSA-155 ? 2512generated a pool of ? 250 auxiliary integers < 2200, found ? 227 “smooth” inte-gers factoring into primes < 230, and combined those integers into a factorizationof RSA-155. See [13] for many more details.

how to setting a graphic card, how to overclock graphic card, graphics processing unit overclock, factorization doc, largest factor using ecm, ecm card for mercedes

Read more...

Accelerating Monte Carlo Simulations with an NVIDIA Graphics Processor

Modern graphics cards, commonly used in desktop computers, have evolved beyond asimple interface between processor and display to incorporate sophisticated calculationengines that can be applied to general purpose computing. The Monte Carlo algorithm formodelling photon transport in turbid media has been implemented on an NVIDIA®8800GT graphics card using the CUDA toolkit. The Monte Carlo method relies on following the trajectory of millions of photons through the sample, often taking hours ordays to complete. The graphics-processor implementation, processing roughly 110 millionscattering events per second, was found to run more than 70 times faster than a similar,single-threaded implementation on a 2.67 GHz desktop computer. Program Summary Manuscript title:Accelerating Monte Carlo Simulations with an NVIDIAGraphics ProcessorAuthors:Paul Martinsen, Johannes Blaschke, Rainer Künnemeyer,Bob JordanProgram title:Phoogle-C/ Phoogle-GLicensing provisions:The random number library used has a LGPL license.Programming language:C++ Computer(s) for which theprogram has been designed:Designed for Intel PC’s. Phoogle-G requires a NVIDIAgraphics card with support for CUDA 1.1Operating system(s) for whichthe program has beendesigned: Windows XPRAM required to execute withtypical data: 1GBHas the code been vectorisedor parallelized?:Phoogle-G is written for SIMD architectures.Number of processors used: 1Supplementary material:n/aKeywords:Monte Carlo photon transport, Scattering media, Generalpurpose graphics card computing, parallel computingPACS:87.10.Rt, 33.80.GjCPC Library Classification:21.1 Radiation PhysicsExternal routines/librariesused:Charles Karney Random number library Microsoft Foundation Class libraryNVIDA CUDA library [1]CPC Program Librarysubprograms used:n/a Nature of problem The Monte Carlo technique is an effective algorithm for exploring the propagation of lightin turbid media. However, accurate results require tracing the path of many photonswithin the media. The independence of photons naturally lends the Monte Carlo techniqueto implementation on parallel architectures. Generally, parallel computing can beexpensive, but recent advances in consumer grade graphics cards have opened thepossibility of high-performance desktop parallel-computing. Solution method In this pair of programmes we have implemented the Monte Carlo algorithm described byPrahl et al. [2] for photon transport in infinite scattering media to compare theperformance of two readily accessible architectures: a standard desktop PC and aconsumer grade graphics card from NVIDIA. Restrictions The graphics card implementation uses single precision floating point numbers for allcalculations. Only photon transport from an isotropic point-source is supported. Thegraphics-card version has no user interface. The simulation parameters must be set in thesource code. The desktop version has a simple user interface; however some propertiescan only be accessed through an ActiveX client (such as Matlab).

processor comparison test, graphic card comparison test, nvidia chipset processor comparison test, phoogle g

Read more...

Domestic Roof Mounted Wind Turbines

The political, media and economic climate for renewables is in a state of rapid flux. Publicawareness of global warming and the consequent climate change is growing. The need toincrease the use of sources of energy which minimise the deleterious effects of greenhousegases is pressing. It is this context which makes the development of small-scale renewablegenerating plant (micro-generation) so exciting. The effect of millions of small micro-generatorsacross the country, in domestic dwellings, businesses and public buildings, has the potential tomeet much of the national demand for electricity at source. Further benefits are obtained frommicro-generation, as losses due to centralised generation, transmission and distribution are virtuallyeliminated. Not only does this allow deferment of electricity grid upgrade, but the Carbon Dioxidesavings are virtually doubled, as the electricity which arrives at its end point of use has lost roughly50% of its initial raw energy value from efficiency losses along the way.A recent study by the Green Alliance (www.green-alliance.org.uk/publications/PubSmallOrAtomic)compared the benefits of investing in micro-generation rather than a new round of nuclear powerstations, and concludes that micro-generation is a cost-effective, low-carbon alternative to nuclearpower. Renewable energy sources are most effective when there is an intelligent mix of differentrenewable types. Micro-wind can make an important contribution to that mix, and Wales hasone of the best wind resources in Europe. From this background, an initial study into the maintechnologies on offer makes great sense.This study is the result of research carried out on small-scale wind technologies, combined with atrip to the manufacturers of the Swift and Windsave turbines. As part of the RES-e regions projectthis document covers issues specific to Wales. There is however, a very wide correlation betweenconditions in Wales and other parts of the UK, and it is hoped that this document will prove usefulto a wide range of people from a large geographic area. For further information about the RES-eproject, and to download further documents, visit www.res-e-cymru.org.ukTypical CharacteristicsSmall roof-mounted turbines are designed for large-scale deployment in many areas; rural, urbanand brown-field. Because of the large target locations, they have very specific characteristics whichmust be met in order to comply with the demands and expectations of consumers, planners and thedistribution network operators (DNOs). These include:Low noise levelsReliable operationValue for moneyMinimised visual intrusionCompliance with all safety requirements, both structural and electricalIt cannot be emphasised strongly enough that installations which are unsafe or cause problems toproperties to which they are attached, or devices which fail to live up to expectations regardingperformance, have the potential to severely undermine confidence in this nascent sector. The development of domestic roof-mounted wind turbines has only just begun. The two turbinesinvestigated here are at the post-development stages and are gearing up for mass production. Thismeans that prices for installed turbines are currently far in excess of the target price. Work done onpayback times is performed using the final target price, which is probably some 18 months awayfor Swift, and perhaps 12 months away for Windsave.There is currently no mechanism for getting paid for electricity exported to the grid, or for claimingRenewable Obligation Certificates (ROCs). The control panels of both turbines display indicativevalues of kWh produced, but this is not sufficient for DNOs to credit electricity payments or claimROCs.

how to create your own wind energy, wind energy cost, renewable energy resource and environment, home wind turbine that makes electrricity, roof mounted wind electricity generation, how wind turbines to generate electricity work ppt, ppt on about hybrite solar wind electricity generation, free manual wind turbine, wind turbine market ppt, mini wind power plant full tuturial torrent

Read more...

The Cost of Generating Electricity

The study examined a number of different technologies listed below.• Coal plant •• Pulverised fuel (PF) steam plant;•• Circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) plant;•• Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plant; • Gas plant •• Open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT) plant;•• Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant; • Nuclear fission plant.• Biomass (poultry litter) •• Bubbling fluidized-bed combustion (BFBC) plant; • Wind turbines •• Onshore•• Offshore • Wave and MarineThe PB Power report arrived at the following results:-The cost of generating electricity, as defined within the scope of this study, is expressed interms of a unit cost (pence per kWh) delivered at the boundary of the power station site. Thiscost value, therefore, includes the capital cost1 of the generating plant and equipment; the costof fuel burned (if applicable); and the cost of operating and maintaining the plant in keepingwith UK best practices. Within the study, however, the ‘cost of generating electricity’ isdeemed to refer to that of providing a dependable (or ‘firm’) supply. For intermittent2 sourcesof generation, such as wind, an additional amount has been included for the provision ofadequate standby generation. The findings of this study are summarised in Figure 1, whichillustrates the present-day costs of generating electricity from different types of technologyappropriate to the UK. For base-load operation, i.e. those plants which are operated continuously, the cheapest wayto generate electricity in the future from new plant, i.e. ignoring rehabilitation of existing plant,is by constructing combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant designed to burn natural gas.Table 1 summarises the cost of generating electricity for the different ‘base-load’ plantsconsidered by this study.Table 1 Cost of generating electricity for base-load plant (pence per kWh)For peaking operation, i.e. generating for limited periods of high demand and providing standbycapacity, open-cycle gas turbines (OCGT) fired on natural gas are the most appropriate newplant candidates. OCGT is ideally suited for the role of peaking duty, which requires flexibility,reliability and can be started quickly should the need arise. We estimate that the cost of a gas-fired OCGT generation will be about 3.1 pence per kWh if operated continuously. However, theaverage cost will rise to about 6.2 pence per kWh if only operated for limited periods of timeconsistent with peaking duty, i.e. for only 15 per cent of the time, say.Renewables are generally more expensive than conventional generation technologies. This isdue in part to the immaturity of the technology and the more limited opportunity to takeadvantage of cost savings brought about by economies of scale usually associated with moretraditional fossil-fuel types of generation. In addition, fluctuations in the energy source itselfmay limit the output of generation available from these technologies and, thus, raise the unitcosts of the generator on two counts:• as capacity factor3 falls, unit costs of generation rise;• additional, fast response, standby generating plant may have to be provided to maintainsystem security as the energy source fluctuates. 3 Gas-fired CCGT2.2Nuclear fission plant2.3Coal-fired pulverised-fuel (PF) steam plant2.5Coal-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) steam plant2.6Coal-fired integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)3.2.

generating electricity cost, how to create wind turbine, wind turbine cost and budgeting, illustrator tutorials of wind generator, capital wind electric bicycle, bike generate electricity cost, gas turbine power plant energy ppt, owners costs of generating electricity, wind power generation technology ppt, download free document of natural gas turbines energy plant

Read more...

Wind Energy and Production of Hydrogen and Electricity

Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of domestic, renewable sources of energy. Anassessment of options for wind/hydrogen/electricity systems at both central and distributed scalesprovides insight into opportunities for renewable hydrogen as well as research priorities for thishydrogen production pathway.The analysis of the central production of hydrogen from wind was conducted. This technologyinvolves hydrogen production at the wind site with hydrogen delivered to the point of use. Theresults of this study are that hydrogen can be produced at the wind site for prices ranging from$5.55/kg in the near term to $2.27/kg in the long term. A research opportunity in this scenario isthe elimination of redundant controls and power electronics in a combined turbine/electrolysissystem. A second analysis was completed in which wind power was used in a distributed fashion forhydrogen production. The wind farm provides a signal to a remotely located electrolyzer, whichallows the electrolyzer to run only when the wind is blowing. An advantage of this scenario isthat signals from many different wind farms could be used, which would increase the capacityfactor and thus decrease the cost of the hydrogen production system. The results of this secondstudy are that hydrogen can be produced at the point of use for prices ranging from $4.03/kg inthe near term to $2.33/kg in the long term. This novel approach results in low production costsand could minimize delivery costs if the electrolyzer was located at the filling station. Both analyses reveal that in order to optimize the production of hydrogen from wind, theelectricity and hydrogen production needs to be examined as an integrated system. Researchersat the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are workingto build renewable hydrogen from wind into a viable production method for transportation fuel inthe future. Background and Purpose of the Study In early 2005, Xcel Energy approached NREL to conduct a study to determine if hydrogen couldbe economically produced via wind power for transportation fuel use. NREL had done suchstudies in the past, but the ability to partner with a utility and to use Xcel Energy’s expertise ofthe electricity sector provided a unique opportunity for analysis. Two cases were studied; onewhere hydrogen was produced at the wind site, and delivered to the point of use, and a secondnovel approach where hydrogen was produced at the point of use using wind energy transportedthrough the electric grid from several wind farms. In both studies low temperature electrolysisunits were used to convert the wind energy to hydrogen. Electrolysis is the production of hydrogen from water. An electric current is passed through ananode and a cathode in contact with water.

wind energy turbines, renewable sources of energy, how to create electricity systems, renewable sources of energy and sensors ppt, wind energy pdf, renewable wind energy and environment pdf, nrel wind hydrogen electrolyzer, production of hydrogen from wind pdf, how is hydrogen obtained from wind energy pdf, hydrogen electrolyzer plants

Read more...

Wind: A leading source of new electricity generation

Wind power is now one of the country’s largest sourcesof new power generation of any kind In 2008, with over 8,500 megawatts (MW) installed, wind powerprovided 42% of all the new generating capacity added in theU.S., according to initial estimates, up from less than 2% of newcapacity added in 2004 (see chart below). The fact that windpower is now mainstream is good news for our economy, ourenvironment, and our energy security. An economic and job dynamo for the 21st century The new wind projects installed in 2008 represent an investmentof $17 billion – the largest capital investment in the U.S. electricitysector that year. Hundreds of billions of dollars in investment – inwind project installations, wind turbine component manufacturingfacilities, and transmission infrastructure to bring the new electricityto market – are poised to flow into the economy as wind powerproduction ramps up.Wind power is also a job creation dynamo, creating 35,000 jobsin 2008 alone despite the economic downturn and providinga broad range of business and employment opportunities indifferent regions of the country. About 85,000 people worked inthe wind energy industry as of the end of December 2008, up from50,000 in 2007. Many of those new jobs are in manufacturing. Protecting our environment Wind power is a powerful climate change solution, ready todeliver emissions reductions that are (a) large in scale, (b)effective immediately, and (c) affordable. A 2008 report bythe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) found that wind energycould generate 20% of the nation’s electricity – what nuclearpower generates today – by 2030 – nor is that a ceiling. Rapiddeployment is urgently needed from an environmental point ofview alone: the power generation sector is the largest contributorof CO2 emissions in the U.S. economy, accounting for close to40% of U.S. emissions each year. As concerns about climatechange become more urgent, wind power is an excellent optionfor rapidly and cost-effectively reducing emissions. Strengthening our energy security Wind is a domestic, inexhaustible source of energy, and is freefrom fuel price volatility. U.S. wind resources are also vast enoughto supply the electricity needs of the entire country several timesover, according to DOE. This domestic and infinite source ofenergy can be used not only for conventional power generation,but also for plug-in hybrids or electric vehicles, helping reducedependence on a variety of fuel imports and conserve strategicnational supplies. Key: long-term federal policy commitment Wind power now needs a large U.S.-wide market in which to grow andprovide these benefits. With the right policies to sustain renewableenergy’s momentum – including a national renewable electricitystandard to create a stable market for capital investment, an interstatenetwork of transmission lines or “green power superhighways” tobring renewable energy to market, and strong climate legislationwith early and aggressive emissions reductions targets – the U.S.wind energy industry is ready to deliver on President Obama’s callto double production in three years and on track to generate 20% ofelectricity and more, leveraging billions in investment and creatingtens of thousands of jobs.

wind turbines for electricity cost, wind turbines for the home, wind turbines for electricity, ppt on recent power generation, a presentation on electricity generation by wind energy ppt pdf

Read more...

ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING SMALL WIND TURBINES

The wind is a clean and plentiful source of energy. TheCanadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) believesthat wind energy could potentially supply up to 20% ofCanada’s electricity requirements.Wind turbines used to generate electricity come in awide variety of sizes. Large wind turbines, which areusually installed in clusters called windfarms, cangenerate large amounts of electricity. Large wind turbinesmay even produce hundreds of megawatts (MW) ofelectricity — enough to power hundreds of homes. Smallwind turbines, (see Figure 1), which are generally definedas producing no more than 100 kW of electricity, aredesigned to be installed at homes, farms and smallbusinesses either as a source of backup electricity, or tooffset use of utility power and reduce electricity bills.Very small wind turbines (20 – 500 watt units) are usedto charge batteries for sailboats and other recreationaluses. FIGURE 1. Wind turbine. (Source: Ontario WindSmith) A small wind energy system could prove to be a practicaland economical source of electricity for your home orfarm if some or all of the following are true:• Your property has a good wind resource.• Your property is at least one acre in size.• Your local zoning ordinances allow wind turbines.• Your electricity bills tend to be high.• Your property does not have easy access to utilitylines, i.e. off electrical power grid.• You are comfortable with making long-terminvestments.• Turbine is 250–300 m away from your neighbour’shouse (closer for small turbines ie.1 kW).WIND AVAILABILITYWhether constructing a wind turbine is economicallyviable at your home or farm depends most strongly onthe quality of your wind resource. Generally, averageannual wind speeds of at least 4.0–4.5 m/s (14.4–16.2km/h; 9.0–10.2 mph) are needed for a small windturbine to produce enough electricity to be cost-effective.A very useful resource for evaluating a site for its windenergy potential is a wind resource potential map. (Seewind maps Figures 13 & 14 end of the Factsheet.)It may be useful to check wind speed measurements thathave been recorded at a local weather station. It isimportant to consider that siting factors at these weatherstations, such as nearby trees and buildings, might influence any wind speed measurements. Also, keep inmind that the equipment at these stations is oftenlocated close to the ground, and that weather stationslocated at airports are usually sheltered from the wind.This means that wind speed measurements recorded atthese stations might under represent the wind potentialat your site.For the most precise evaluation of the wind speed at yoursite, you need to purchase a wind resource evaluationsystem. While wind resource evaluation systems can beexpensive, if your property is hilly and has unusualterrain features then it might be worth obtaining one.The most important component of a wind resourceevaluation system is an anemometer. Anemometers aretypically designed with cups mounted on short arms thatare connected to a rotating vertical shaft.The anemometer rotates in the wind and generates asignal that is proportional to the wind speed. If you dopurchase an anemometer, you will also need to purchasesomething to record the readings made by theanemometer, and a tower or tripod to mount the wholesystem on.

small wind turbines, wind energy system, how to create electricity from wind, use wind power in house ppt, solar power using for electricity generation manuals, electricity generation through turbines pdf figures, ppt on about hybrite solar wind electricity generation, power generation in wind turbines pdf, a presentation on electricity generation by wind energy ppt pdf, a ppt presentation on electricity generation by wind energy.

Read more...

Full Specifications of Motorola Droid X with Video Review

Come back one of competitor to the iphone 4 or HTC Evo 4G is Motorola Droid x.This latest smartphone from Motorola has several advantages that his two competitors.Starting from the display which is not inferior to the HTC Evo 4G is 4.3 inches and a resolution of 854 × 480px.Droid X has a powerful 8-megapixel and dual flash that can record motion images with high resolution. Although the iPhone 4 also have HD video capture, but Droid X equipped mobile applications profitable hotspot users.

In addition, the Droid X also has a new Adobe Flash 10.1 released this week. This makes it possible to see high resolution videos or play games better. As expected, the embedded system applications in X-Droid is the latest from Google, the Android 2.2.

For movie lovers, Droid X answer the needs of watching movies on mobile phones. This is the first smartphone that has applications Blockbuster Inc.

Droid X also contains Swype software, which is not owned the iPhone 4. Swype help users to more quickly and accurately when typing on the touch screen.

Motorola Droid X Full Specifications :

Highlights

- Google Android 2.1 Phone

- 8 Megapixel Camera with Dual LED Flash

- HD video recorder

- Built-in Mobile Hot Spot

- Bluetooth Wireless Technology Supports Streaming Stereo

- Built-in MP3 Player with FM and Internet Radio

- Email, Text, Picture, Video and Instant Messaging Capable

The box include

- Additional Items Included – Battery, Wall Charger, USB
cable, 16 GB microSD card

Advanced Features

- Digital Camera – Yes, 8 Megapixels (3264 × 1840 Pixels Max
Resolution), 6x Digital Zoom, Auto-Focus, Self-Timer

- MP3 Player – Yes

- FM Radio – Yes

- Bluetooth Wireless Technology – N/A

- Video Capture / Camcorder – 30 Frames Per Second, 1280 x
720p Pixel Resolution Max, Landscape View

- Bluetooth Stereo Headset (A2DP) – Yes, Stream Stereo Music
To and From Compatible (A2DP) Bluetooth Devices

- Data Capable / Use This Phone As A Modem – No

- PC Synchronization – Yes

- Infrared Port – No

- Voice-driven Menus – Yes

Messaging Features

- Mobile Web Browsing – Android HTML Webkit

- Multimedia Messaging – Send and Receive Messages

- Text Messaging (SMS) – Send and Receive Messages

- Instant Messenger Built-in – No

Personalization and Fun Features

- Polyphonic Ringtones – Yes, XX Chords

- MP3 Ringtones – Yes

- Ringer Profiles – Yes

- Picture Caller ID – Yes

- Multiple Languages – Yes

- Games – Yes, Downloadable Android Titles

- Customizable Graphics – Yes

Core Features

- Color Main Display – 4.3″ LCD, 854 x 480 Pixels

- Speakerphone – Yes

- Voice-activated Dialing – Yes

- TTY Compatible – Yes

- To-Do List – No

- Voice Memo – No

- Color – Black

- Style – Slab

- Alarm – Yes

- Calculator – Yes

- Calendar – Yes

- Vibrate – Yes

- Phonebook Capacity – Unlimited; Memory Dependent

- Multiple Numbers Per Name – Unlimited; Memory Dependent

- Standard 3.5mm Headset Jack – Yes

Battery Life

- Battery Type – 1540 mAh

- Talk Time – Up to 6 Hours

- Standby Time – Up to 9.2 Days

Technical Specifications

- Application Platform – Android 2.1

- Network Compatibility – CDMA 800/1900

- Data Download Speed – 3G EV-DO

- Ringtone Types Supported – MP3

- Predictive Text Entry – Yes

- Built-In Memory – 8 GB Onboard

- Expandable Memory Capacity – Yes, microSDHC Format
Compatible

- Dimensions – 4 x 2.6 x 0.4 in

- Weight – 5.47 oz

Compatibility Features

- Device Supports Voice Plans – Yes

- Available For Purchase Without Service Plan – No

Read more...

HP Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX Specs,Price,and Video Review

For those of you who want a notebook with a cheap price but has the capabilities and features quite possibly in excess of the latest notebook from Hp this could be your choice.HP Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX equipped with Intel Celeron processor 900 2.2GHz and Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 4500M.This notebook comes with 15.6? Diagonal High-Definition HP BrightView Widescreen Display, 2GB DDR2 SDRAM Memory, 250GB Hard Drive, 802.11b/g/n wireless WLAN, SuperMulti 8X DVD±R/RW with Double Layer Support, Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit, and 6-Cell Lithium-Ion Battery.

HP Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX Specifications :

Warranty Terms – Parts :1 year limited

Warranty Terms – Labor :1 year limited

Product Height :1.7″

Product Width :14.9″

Product Weight :6.6 lbs.

Product Depth :9.9″

Color Category :Black

Processor Brand :Intel®

Processor :Intel® Celeron®

Processor Speed :2.2GHz

Battery Type :6-cell lithium-ion

Display Type :High-definition widescreen with BrightView technology
(1366 x 768)

Screen Size (Measured Diagonally) :15.6″

System Bus :800MHz

Cache Memory :1MB on die Level 2

System Memory (RAM) :2GB

System Memory (RAM) Expandable To :4GB

Type of Memory (RAM) :D DR2

Hard Drive Type :SATA (7200 rpm)

Computer Hard Drive Size: 250GB

Optical Drive :D ouble-layer DVD±RW/CD-RW

Optical Drive Speeds :D rive speeds not specified

Direct-Disc Labeling :No

Digital Media Reader or Slots :No

Graphics :Intel® Graphics Media Accelerator 4500M

Video Memory :Up to 797MB (shared)

TV Tuner :No

MPEG :Yes

Built-in Webcam :No

Modem :56 Kbps*
*Capable of receiving 56 Kbps downloads. However, current regulations limit download speed to 53 Kbps.

Networking :Built-in 10/100Base-T Ethernet (RJ-45 connector)

Wireless Networking: Wireless-B+G+N

Bluetooth-Enabled :No

S-Video Outputs :None

Audio :Altec Lansing

Speakers :Internal

PCMCIA Slots :None

USB 2.0 Ports :3

IEEE 1394 FireWire Ports :None

Parallel Ports: None

Game Ports :None

Laptop Weight :Standard (more than 5.5 lbs.)

Battery Life :Up to 3 hours and 45 minutes

Pointing Device :Touchpad with on/off button and dedicated vertical
scroll up/down pad

HDMI Output :No

Blu-ray Player :No

Operating System Platform :Windows

Operating System :Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit

Included Software :Microsoft Works; Adobe Reader; Cyberlink DVD
Suite and more

ENERGY STAR Qualified :Yes

BBY Software Installer :No

Drive Capacity :250GB

HP Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX Price :

HP Compaq Presario CQ60-615DX start with price $329.99

Read more...

Motorola ES400,New Business Phone from Motorola

In an effort to meet the need for hard workers and businessmen.Now Motorola has released its latest business phone that Motorola ES400.This phone has a different name that is “Enterprise Digital Assistant” (EDA). Motorola ES400 is designed as a standalone business or enterprise, and Motorola ES400 will be the first device that uses Windows Embedded Hanheld, platform from Microsoft which is developed for enterprise applications.

His body strength is made with the intent that under any circumstances, users can still connect with colleagues, or access the company’s data base, through the device. Business activities can still run.

This phone has several advantages such as support for the two networks at once, both CDMA and GSM that allows consumers to be able to operate anywhere in the world.

In addition, there are many other attractive features such as In there are many other attractive features such as operating system Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Professional, 3-inch resistive touch screen with VGA resolution, 600MHz processor, RAM memory 256 megabyte (MB) and ROM 1 gigabytes (GB) and microSDHC card slot. For the security of data inside it, Motorola ES400 also features a biometric fingerprint reader, so only the owner can operate.

Motorola ES400 also features HSDPA, Wi-Fi (802.11 a / b / g) and Bluetooth, and packaged with a built-in GPS receiver with A-GPS. Has a resolution of 3 megapixel camera with autofocus and LED flash, capable of scanning a barcode.

Motorola ES400 Specifications :

2G Network : GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
3G Network : HSDPA 850 / 1900 / 2100
CDMA/EVDO Rev A 850/1900
Announced : 2010, June
Size Dimensions : 129 x 60.4 x 16.4 mm
Weight : 156 g
Display Type : TFT resistive touchscreen, 65K colors
Size : 640 x 480 pixels, 3.0 inches
- Full QWERTY keyboard
- Accelerometer sensor for auto-rotate
- Motorola Enterprise UI
Sound Alert types : Vibration; Polyphonic, MP3 ringtones
Speakerphone : Yes
Memory Phonebook : Practically unlimited entries and fields, Photocall
Call records : Practically unlimited
Internal : 256 MB RAM, 1 GB Flash
Card slot : microSD, up to 32GB
Data GPRS : Class 10 (4+1/3+2 slots), 32 – 48 kbps
EDGE : Class 10, 236.8 kbps
3G : HSDPA
WLAN : Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g
Bluetooth : Yes, v2.0 with A2DP
Infrared port : No
USB : Yes, microUSB v2.0
Camera : Primary 3.15 MP, 2048×1536 pixels, autofocus, LED flash
Video : Yes
Secondary : Yes
Features OS : Microsoft Windows Mobile 6.5.3 Professional
CPU : Qualcomm MSM 7627 600 MHz processor
Messaging : SMS (threaded view), MMS, Email, Push Email, IM
Browser : WAP 2.0 / xHTML, HTML
Radio : No
Games
Colors : Black
GPS : Yes, with A-GPS support
Java : Yes, MIDP 2.0
- IP42 certified – water proof
- MIL-STD 810G compliant: fog, humidity, transport shock and thermal shock resistant
- Drop-to-concrete resistance from up to 0.91m
- Biometric fingerprint scanner
- Bar code scanner
- MP3/AAC+/WAV/WMA music player
- MP4/3gp/MWV/H.264 video player
- Voice memo/dial
- T9
Battery : Standard battery, Li-Ion 1540 mAh
Stand-by : Up to 250 h
Talk time : Up to 6 h
Extended battery, Li-Ion 3080 mAh
Stand-by : Up to 500 h
Talk time : Up to 12 h

Read more...

Dell Precision M4500 Specs,Price,and Video Review

In order to push his own workstation performance and mobility to the forefront, now Dell is proud to release a 15-inch mobile workstation was sailing with a Dell Precision M4500.This notebook is intended for young executives with high mobility but want to have a laptop that is powered sweeping.This is evidenced by the availability of the amazing features of this notebook like powerful Intel processors up to the Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition and Nvidia Quadro FX 1800M discrete graphics for video editing, animation, and CAD manipulation.

The Precision M4500 boasts an optional 64GB SSD MiniCard for fast start up and your choice of up to a 256GB SSD or a 500GB HDD for file storage.

Dell Precision M4500 Specs :

# Windows 7 Ultimate (64-bit) with option for Windows XP Professional downgrade
# Intel Core i7 620M @ 2.67GHz
# 4GB DDR3 (1333MHz)
# Nvidia Quadro FX 1800M graphics (1GB dedicated memory)
# 15.6″ FHD LED Back-Lit Display (1920×1080 resolution, matte screen)
# 64GB Solid State Drive MiniCard (operation system)
# 500GB (7200RPM) HDD (storage)
# Blu-ray disc drive (DVD recordable)
# Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6200 802.11a/b/g/n Half Mini Card
# 802.11 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), 802.11i (WPA2), Virtual Private Networks (VPN) 802.1x with EAP modes and compatible with CCX 4.0
# Dell Wireless 375 Bluetooth Module
# Integrated webcam and microphone
# Backlit keyboard
# Dell Precision ON Reader
# FIPS Compliant Fingerprint Reader and Contactless Smartcard Reader
# Weight: 6.0 lbs (with 6-cell battery)
# Dimensions: 14.72 x 1.15-1.42 x 9.96 inches (W x H x D)
#
130 Watt AC adapter
# 9-cell (90Wh) extended life battery
# 3-year basic limited warranty and 3-year next business day on-site service

Dell Precision M4500 Price :

For Price of Dell Precision M4500 is Starting Price with $1,548.00

MSRP: $3,664.00 ($3,280.00 with instant savings)

Read more...

ASUS K42JC-A1 Specs,Price, and Video Review

ASUS K42J or K42JC-A1 is the latest notebook from Asus which has good performance and is well suited as a companion when we go back to school.This notebook comes with 14-inch notebook features a high-performance Intel Core i5 processor, and discrete graphics with Nvidia Optimus technology.

With support he Nvidia GeForce 310M discrete graphics also help in applications that support CUDA by taking advantage of the GPU to speed up performance. So with this notebook you can capable of handling tasks and even more intensive applications like Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Premiere everyday.

ASUS K42J (K42JC-A1) Specifications :

# 14-inch 720p (1366×768) display with LED backlighting
# Windows 7 Home Premium (64-bit)
# Intel Core i5 430M (2.27GHz)
# Nvidia GeForce 310M graphics card w/ 1GB dedicated memory (Optimus switchable graphics)
# 4GB DDR3 1066MHz RAM
# 500GB 7200RPM hard drive
# 802.11n wireless
# DVD Super Multi drive
# Two-year warranty w/ one year accidental coverage
# 6-cell Li-ion battery (10.8v, 4400mAh, 47Wh)
# Weight: 5.01 lbs
# Dimensions: 13.7 x 9.4 x 1.5 inches

ASUS K42JC-A1 Price :
You can buy a notebook Asus K42JC-A1 with a good price is $ 881.44 at Amazon

Read more...

Full Specifications of Motorola Quench XT3 with Video Review

It seems that Motorola does not fool around with commitments to always bring new smart phones mainly for mobile phones based on Android operating system.This is evidenced by launching a newest adroid phone series of Motorola Quench XT3.Quench XT3 Motorola comes with a screen 3.2 “HVGA touchscreen, 600MHz processor Qualcomm MSM 7227 CPU, Wi-Fi b / g, GPS and support for microSD cards up to 32GB.

Motorola Quench XT3 is a bar phone with a touchscreen display, similar to Motorola’s original quench. Quench XT3 running Android OS 1.6 Donut (and not as the rumored 1.2 eclair). This phone also features a 3MP camera.

According to rumors circulating today, Motorola will quench XT3 launch in Taiwan in August next to an early version of Motorola’s Quench CLIQ MB501 XT. Taiwan’s Far EasTone Telecommunications XT3 Quench will bring no price has yet to be announced.

Motorola Quench XT3 Full Specifications :

2G Network : GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
3G Network : HSDPA 850 / 1900 / 2100
Announced : 2010, July
Status : Exp. release 2010, August
Display Type : TFT capacitive touchscreen, 256K colors
Size : 320 x 480 pixels, 3.2 inches
- Accelerometer sensor for UI auto-rotate
- Proximity sensor for auto turn-off
- MOTOBLUR UI with Live Widgets
Sound Alert types : Vibration; MP3, WAV ringtones
Speakerphone : Yes
- 3.5 mm audio jack
Memory Phonebook : Practically unlimited entries and fields, Photo call
Call records : Practically unlimited
Card slot : microSD, up to 32GB
Data GPRS : Yes
EDGE : Yes
3G : HSDPA
WLAN : Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g
Bluetooth : Yes, v2.0 with A2DP
Infrared port : No
USB : Yes, microUSB v2.0
Camera : Primary 3.15 MP, 2048×1536 pixels
Video : Yes
Secondary
Features OS : Android OS, v1.6 (Donut)
CPU : Qualcomm MSM7227 600 MHz Processor
Messaging : SMS (threaded view), MMS, Email, IM
Browser HTML
Radio : Stereo FM radio with RDS
Games : Downloadable
Colors : Black
GPS : Yes, with A-GPS support
Java : Via third party application
- Social networking integration with live updates
- MP3/WMA/WAV/eAAC+ player
- MP4/H.263 player
- Google Search, Maps, Gmail,
- YouTube, Google Talk
- Document viewer
- Photo viewer/editor
- Organizer
- Voice memo
- T9
Battery : Standard battery, Li-Po 1230 mAh

Read more...

NATURAL ACNE CONTROL

NATURAL ACNE CONTROL Eating the wrong food is one of the main causes of acne. A good diet, incorporating plenty of fresh vegetables, especially celery, parsley, watercress, sprouts … … wheat grass and sprouted wheat, fruit and whole grain foods will get your skin off to a good start. Avoid fried foods, refined flour and sugar, ‘junk’ foods, fats, dairy foods and carbonated drinks. Acne Control Routine Try to avoid too much stress – it can aggravate acne.???? Wash 2 or 3 times a day with a glycerine vitamin E soap, or …

Acne Control Routine Try to avoid too much stress – it can aggravate acne. ???? Wash 2 or 3 times a day with a glycerine vitamin E soap, or one formulated to deal with oily skin and acne, or cleanse your face with the ‘Acne Face Scrub’. ???? Once a week deep cleanse with a herbal ‘Acne Face Mask’. After washing or cleansing, rinse the skin with an infusion of chamomile, which is purifying, yarrow, which helps eliminate toxins, and lavender, which is calming and antiseptic. ???? Dab spots with neat lemon juice to kill germs, cool inflammation and improve blood circulation. If a blemish is coming up, dab on 1 drop of neat lavender oil to help it disappear. ???? Treat troubled spots and blemishes with a herbal compress. To help clear blemished skin, mix together 2 drops each of lavender and chamomile oil in the palm of your hands, then massage into facial skin each evening after throughly cleansing. Leave on overnight. ???? Apply Calendula ointment to reduce inflammation and improve local healing. ???? Don’t pick at spots – you will spread them and leave scars. ???? Throw out any dirty makeup. Any makeup puff, sponge or brush that has been touching your face must be thrown out or sterilised. ???? When using makeup or creams, extract as much as you think you will need and put it onto a clean saucer.

acne ppt, natural facial mask ebook pdf, pdf lavender acne, acne powerpoint, acne power point, care in acne ppt.

Read more...

1,4-Dioxane and Cosmetic Safety

In this pdf files you can read information for 1,4-Dioxane and Cosmetic Safety. this 1,4-Dioxane and Cosmetic Safety ebook is very easy to understand. below we provide the preview of the 1,4-Dioxane and Cosmetic Safety for your skin.You can download this skin care book at the end of the content.

Content Preview:

skin is soaked in the contaminated water, and 1,4-Dioxane enters the bloodstream. … and Cosmetic Safety. MYTH ? 1,4-Dioxane’s toxicity … 1,4-Dioxane and Cosmetic Safety Myth vs. Fact MYTH ? 1,4-Dioxane isn’t readily absorbed through the skin
FACTS ? ? According to a California state health official’s memorandum 1,4-Dioxane “is readily absorbed through the lungs, skin and gastrointestinal tract of mammals.” [7] ? The FDA has stated that, “Skin absorption studies demonstrated that dioxane readily penetrates animal and human skin from various types of vehicles.”
? For example, during exposure to 1,4-Dioxane from a bath
product, a person’s skin is warmed, pores are opened, the
skin is soaked in the contaminated water, and 1,4-Dioxane
enters the bloodstream. 1,4-Dioxane is also released as a gas
and is inhaled as it is trapped in the enclosed area of the
bathroom or shower.

dioxolane ppts, 1 4 dioxane in cosmetics, gi tract toxic ppt, 1 4 dioxane pdf cosmetic product, 1 4 dioxane cosmetics, ppt of 1 4 dioxane, dioxolane ppt, dioxane detection in cosmetic, 1 4 dioxane, exposure to cosmetics skin absorption ppt.

Read more...

Medical Malpractice Lawyer Internet Resources

of interest to medical malpractice attorneys is an article entitled “Medical Records Help. Attorneys Uncover Crucial Case Details.” … In Michigan, few areas of law are as research intensive as medical malpractice. The medical malpractice practitioner must research the appropriate standard of care, medical procedures, conditions and
treatments, doctor certifications and specialties, expert witness credentials, and damages, among other things. This article aims to provide helpful online resources to malpractice practitioners.1
Malpractice Law Primers A number of medical malpractice practitioners post information for the benefit of the legal community. For example, a general summary of malpractice litigation in Michigan can be found at http://www.mcandl…..

provides a basic overview of the statutes of limitations, statutory cap on attorneys’ fees, contributory or comparative negligence, joint and several liability, collateral source rule, contribution, pre-judgment interest, vicarious liability, expert testimony, immunities,damage caps, and arbitration. Another potentially beneficial resource is The ’Lectric Law Library Lawcopedia’s Law & Medicine web page at lectlaw.com/tmed.html. Of interest to practitioners may be the “Practical Litigation Info” designed ex- clusively for attorneys, which includes: Tips to help determine whether the case • under review is a strong malpractice case Examples of strong malpractice cases • Tips for evaluating the medical malpractice client Tips for choosing proper medical malpractice • practice defendants Tips for handling the initial malpractice •case review by medical experts

medical malpractice lawyer search, medical malpractice diabetes powerpoint

Read more...

remote solar power systems

Solar Power Oil & Gas RemOte system sOlutiOn Kyocera’s Oil & Gas Remote Solar Power Systems are well suited to operating automation equipment used by the Oil and Gas Industry. This equipment includes high-efficiency gas-flow computers, remote telemetry units (RTU’s), supervisory control and data acquisition equipment (SCADA). The equipment’s low power requirements and typically remote locations often make a PV system the most cost-effective power source. Kyocera custom systems have been designed and manufactured to OEM or end-user specifications. The modular design of systems provides ultimate flexibility and allows you to construct a solar system to meet the exact needs of the SCADA and telemetry application. OIL & GAS APPLICATIONS • Cathodic Protection • Telemetry • RTU/SCADA • Flow Monitoring • Drilling Meters • Natural Gas Automation • Gas Flow Measurement • Data Recording • Control Valves • Process Control Equipment • Seismic Monitoring • Air Quality Monitors Location: Oil Fields of West Texas System Size: 4.3 kW RemOte Data aCQuisitiOn RemOte mOnitORinG & teleCOmmuniCatiOns systems Kyocera has designed self-contained, solar powered communication systems specifically for the petroleum industry’s remote data acquisition needs in both land-based and offshore operations. Each power system provides steady, clean power to a variety of telemetry systems including custody transfer stations and natural gas automation sites.

residential solar power systems, solar power renewable energy, solar power for your home, install solar power sustem for rtu, latest solar power system ppt, ppt on supervisory control and data acquisition, remote equipment solar power, doc on solar power mobile phones, pdf understanding and installing solar power, how to solar power monitoring pdf

Read more...

Hybrid Wind-Solar Power System

ENERGY OVERVIEW Energy Resources: sun and wind Technology: solar-wind hybrid Application: lighting (public and domestic),TV, radio, refrigeration, washing machine, and public phone Sector: residential,public Cost to consumers: at least $3,300 paid by the community for installations, daily use of electricity also paid for by consumers Total power provided: 17-18 kW (9 kW wind, 7 kW photovoltaics, and 1-2 kW diesel generator) Households Served: 10 homes (100 inhabitants), a mosque and a school
BACKGROUND The area of the Occupied Palestinian Territories is one of the most densely populated regions in the Middle East. Approximately 15% of the communities in the West Bank and Gaza are not connected to the electricity grid, and electricity is expensive for those who are connected.This project targets a small, 100-person Bedouin community in Innab Alkabeera, which is located in Hebron,the southern area of the Palestinian Authority, along the border with Israel.Although this community was established in 1948,prior to implementation of this project residents still relied on kerosene lamps and a diesel generator for their energy needs.The diesel generator only provided enough power for 3 hours of electricity per day.The village also lacks most other types of infrastructure, including water supply, a sewage system, and paved roads.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION Overview The project assisted this community in building and operating a A hybrid wind-solar power system provides lighting to Bedouin community in Innab Alkabeera (Hebron,Occupied Palestinian Territories). Steve Sabella solar-wind hybrid power system to meet most of the village’s energy needs.The work was completed with strong community cooperation and contribution, facilitated by a five-member committee. In addition, the project incorporated energy efficiency awareness into its project plans,to ensure that the community would get the most possible use out of the energy generated.Finally, the project plans include efforts to share this idea with other nearby communities. Implementation The community formed a five-member committee, which included one woman, to facilitate cooperation between the community and PARC with the technical expertise. This committee helped choose the necessary land for building the power station and negotiate the agreement of land owners to extend the mini-grid through their lands,and contribute manual labor to complete the project. The community also contributed over $3,300 to help cover construction costs, paid in several installments. However, for those who worked to build the system, for example by helping to dig holes in which to stand the wooden poles to string distribution wires,the project paid wages or counted that work as part of their contribution. PARC trained two members of the committee to maintain the station,and to respond to any emergencies.If maintained properly, the system is expected to last 25 years. Finally, PARC conducted a workshop in the village about energy use, with the goal of encouraging the most efficient use of the limited energy made available by this system.

information on wind power, how to create solar power system, how solar power system works, renewable energy system pdf, hybrid wind and solar wire diagram, wind diesel ppt, hybrid power generator solar and windmill pdf ppt doc, ppt on solar wind hybrid electricity generation, hybrid power systems and renewable energy, control panel in wind solar ppt

Read more...

Small Solar Electric Systems: A Minnesota Guide

Can I use solar energy to power my home? More and more Minnesotans are asking themselves this question as people look for affordable, clean and reliable sources of electricity. Minnesota has better solar resources than what most people may think. In fact, average annual resources in Minneapolis are comparable to solar resources in Jacksonville, Fla. Minnesota’s solar energy can produce electricity when demand is highest—during the summer months. Solar electric systems will even produce electricity on cloudy days, although generation is significantly reduced. Small solar electric systems can make a significant contribution to meeting energy needs. A small solar electric system may be a good choice if: • trees, buildings, or other structures do not shade the installation location, • there is adequate roof, wall or yard space to permit a collector assembly installation, • the desired electrical output can be achieved, • there are few personal financial barriers for on- grid homes or • the home or cabin is located off-grid, away from power lines. Most people are interested in solar energy because it is a nonpolluting source of power. Solar electric systems are one of the most flexible home-based renewable energy systems available. The system can be moved from one location to another with far greater ease than other renewable energy systems and can be added to over an extended period of time, a few solar panels at a time. Depending on the solar resource availability and the home’s electric energy consumption, a small solar electric system can lower electricity bills by 50 to 90 percent, prevent power interruptions and avoid the high costs of extending utility power lines to remote locations. In small solar electric systems, PV cells are typically combined into panels that hold about 40 cells; multiple panels can be mounted together in an array that can measure up to several yards (meters) on a side. Panels come in sizes from a few watts to hundreds of watts—a small home system can use anywhere from 3 to 20 panels, depending on their size. Also available are solar roof shingles, which replace conventional roofing materials while providing electricity less expensively than standard solar panels. Small Solar Electric Systems: A Minnesota Guide N type semiconductor P type semiconductor Light energy Electrical energy Photovoltaic Device The photovoltaic effect French scientist Edmund Becquerel first reported the photovoltaic effect in 1839, when he observed a voltage between two electrodes in a beaker of electrolyte after the beaker was exposed to sunlight. Solar electric or photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. PV cells are made of semi-conducting materials, similar to those used in computer chips. When exposed to sunlight, these materials absorb light energy and are “excited,” causing electrons to flow through the material and produce electricity. This process of converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) is called the photovoltaic effect.

home solar power systems guidelines, home made solar power guide, information on solar power, guide to build solar electricity in pdf format free download, electricity guide free, free ebook for solar power installation guides, photovoltaic panel for mn, photovoltaic systems pdf, tubid mobi, where to buy solar electric system minnesota

Read more...

Solar Electric Generating Systems

SEGS Facts » Seven solar facilities » Located at Kramer Junction (SEGS III-VII) and Harper Lake (SEGS VIII, IX) in California » 310 megawatts with NextEra™ Energy Resources ownership equivalent to approximately 150 megawatts » Covers more than 1,500 acres in the desert » More than 900,000 mirrors that capture and concentrate sunlight » Offsets approximately 3,800 tons of pollutants annually that would have been produced if the electricity had been provided by fossil fuels, such as oil. How SEGS Works Solar collectors capture and concentrate sunlight to heat a synthetic oil called therminol, which then heats water to create steam.The steam is piped to an onsite turbine-generator to produce electricity, which is then transmitted over power lines. On cloudy days, the plant has a supplementary natural gas boiler. The plant can burn natural gas to heat the water, creating steam to generate electricity. Helps Meet Peak Power Demands The SEGS plants are designed as peaking power plants, supplying power during peak demand periods, particularly hot summer afternoons with high electrical use loads. This schedule is an ideal match for the SEGS plants, which operate at full power during these periods. Generally, peak demand periods are also when pollution is at its worst. The SEGS plants help reduce pollution because they do not emit nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide that contribute to smog and global warming. Clean, Renewable Energy for California NextEra™ Energy Resources co-owns and operates the SEGS facility, which represents a valuable part of the company’s clean and renewable energy mix and provides a national showcase for solar technology. The facilities cover more than 1,500 acres in the desert, and more than 900,000 mirrors capture and concentrate sunlight. All the power produced at SEGS is purchased by Southern California Edison.

information on solar panels, solar electric power systems facts, solar power how it works, solar pc power plant installation procedure, ppt solor electric generation, solar plant ppt, solar energy power plant ppt, electric power stations tutorials, electric solar power ppt, clean and green energy ppt

Read more...

An Introduction to Solar Thermal Electric Power

All solar thermal systems capture the energy of the sun by absorbing light as heat. Solar thermal power systems focus sunlight, usually with mirrors, to heat a fluid to high temperatures and drive an engine. This approach stands in contrast to photovoltaic solar power systems, in which light interacts with special materials directly to separate charges and generate electricity. Photovoltaic power enjoys many advantages, such as unattended operation and small-scale feasibility, but remains significantly more expensive as a source of large-scale power than solar thermal technologies. The modern era of large scale solar power generation was born in California’s Mojave Desert in the 1980s, when Luz Industries built a total of 354 MW of Solar Electric Generating System, or SEGS, power plants. The SEGS plants use long parabolic mirrors with pipes at the focus point, where circulating oil is heated to 700 F (350 C). The oil is pumped through heat exchangers which boil water to make high-pressure steam, which drives turbine generators to make electric power. For many years the SEGS plants produced the majority of the world’s solar electric power. Subsequent research in solar power generation has reduced the cost of parabolic trough power systems, and has developed several optical systems other than the parabolic trough. Recently, Abengoa has placed in service the PS-10 power tower system, which employs a field of reflectors which move in two dimensions to focus light at the top of a tower, where a boiler is located which absorbs the light and generates steam. Such systems have been in development since the 1960’s. A large pressure tank, or “steam accumulator”, stores energy as pressurized hot water and allows the plant to continue generation in cloudy conditions for up to an hour.

Read more...

Apple iBook G4 12” Repair Manual

This manual is presented as a guide in order to help you repair problems on your Apple iBook G4 in this online pdf ebook you can read detail information for Battery Removal, Keyboard /Airport Extreme Card repair, Ram / Memory repair, Optical Drive and more. Download the Apple iBook G4 12” Repair Manual pdf files below to read full information ….

Content Preview:

Ram / Memory. Before proceeding, you must first remove: Battery … Using either a flat head screwdriver or a coin (anything with a flat surface) turn the
security latch to the left as shown. Turn it until the notch is facing the “unlock graphic.” This is the html version of the file http://www.powerbookmedic.com/xcart1/files/ibookg412.pdf.
Google automatically generates html versions of documents as we crawl the web.
Copyright ? 2006 Powerbookmedic.com. All rights reserved.
Apple iBook G4 12” Repair Manual
Copyright ? 2006 Powerbookmedic.com. All rights reserved.
Any portion of this manual may not be copied, reproduced, or distributed without the
express written consent of Powerbookmedic.com. Violators will be prosecuted.
This manual is presented as a guide in order to help you repair problems on your
powerbook. Working on a powerbook can be dangerous if not done properly. We at
Powerbookmedic.com take no responsibility for any damage or harm done to yourself or
your powerbook as a result of reading this guide.
Suggestions for making this manual better? Email: sales@powerbookmedic.com
Tools Needed for Take Apart:
Torx T8 Screwdriver – Available from our online store
Torx T6 Screwdriver – Available from our online sore
Philips head screwdriver ( small and medium size screwdrivers)
Hex Wrench or pliers to remove hex nut (only for logic board disassembly) Always remove the battery and power supply from the computer before beginning any take apart or repair! Powerbookmedic.com. All rights reserved. Table of Contents
Battery Removal……………………………………………………………….pg. 4
Keyboard /Airport Extreme Card…………………………..……..………….pg. 6
Ram / Memory…………………………………………………..……………pg.10
Bottom Case……..………………………………………….….……………..pg. 12
Bottom Shield……………………….………………….……..……………..pg 16
Dc-In Board…………………………………………………..………………pg. 17
Fan Assembly………………………………………………..……………….pg. 19
Top Case……………………………………………………..………………..pg. 21
Sleep Light Assembly…………….………………………..…………………pg. 24
Top Shield…………………………………….………………………..……..pg. 26
I/O Bezel……………………..…………………….…………………..……..pg. 28
Modem Port……………………………..……………………………..……..pg. 29
Hard Drive……………………..………………………….…………………pg. 31
Bluetooth Assembly……………………………………..…………………..pg. 35
Optical Drive……………………………………………..…………………..pg. 39
Display Module………………………………………..…………………….pg 45
Back Casing…………..……………………………….……………………..pg. 49
Clutch Cover…………………………………………………………………pg.51
LCD………………………………….……………..………………………..pg. 53
Inverter Board……………….……………………………………………….pg. 57
Airport Antenna………………………………………..…………………….pg 60
Reed Switch / Inverter Cable………………………….……………………..pg. 65
Microphone Assembly………………………………………………………pg.67
Hinge / Clutch Assembly…………….……………..………………………..pg. 68
Inverter Board……………….……………………………………………….pg. 69
Logic Board………………….……………………………………………….pg. 71
Page 4 Page 4 of 73 Copyright ? 2006 Powerbookmedic.com. All rights reserved. Battery Removal Before beginning any repair, remove the battery first! Locate the battery lock as shown in red in the picture.
Page 5 Page 5 of 73 Copyright ? 2006 Powerbookmedic.com. All rights reserved. Using either a flat head screwdriver or a coin (anything with a flat surface) turn the security latch to the left as shown. Turn it until the notch is facing the “unlock graphic.” The battery will then pop up slightly. Grasp the battery as shown, and pull it up and out of the computer.

apple i book g4 silver, apple ibook repair manual ppt, how to replace the power board in an apple ibook, ibook g4 service manual pdf, ibook g4 power point, clutch assembl problem ppt, service manual apple notebooks, pdf service manual apple power book g4, apple ibook g4 laptop service or repair manual rapidshare, ibook repair guide.

Read more...

PC Maintenance Preparing for A+ Certification

Two programs try to use the same memory space; Make a note of the file causing the error, … Files on the RAM Disk. What is an ERD? Emergency Repair Disk … What Constitutes a Bootable Disk? A disk that can bring the PC to a functional level, with the OS ready to accept user commands Startup Configuration Files for DOS CONFIG.SYS Used primarily under MS-DOS Plain text file Lists environment variables and device drivers Runs only at startup AUTOEXEC.BAT Used primarily under MS-DOS Plain text file Lists applications to run at startup Simple batch file, can be rerun at any time…..

Startup Configuration Files for DOS CONFIG.SYS Used primarily under MS-DOS Plain text file Lists environment variables and device drivers Runs only at startup AUTOEXEC.BAT Used primarily under MS-DOS Plain text file Lists applications to run at startup Simple batch file, can be rerun at any time MS-DOS Boot Sequence BIOS performs POST BIOS searches for master boot record (MBR), which defines the active partition MBR takes control and locates IO.SYS IO.SYS takes control, identifies hardware IO.SYS runs CONFIG.SYS MSDOS.SYS takes control, loads OS kernel into RAM MSDOS.SYS runs AUTOEXEC.BAT Command.com displays a command prompt.

power point on pc maintenance and repair, a maintaionance pdf, free pc maintenance ppt, free online a pc maintenance book, a maintenance free ebook, ppt pc active maintenance, free a powerpoint, pc repair and maintenance ptt, ms dos commands ppt, computer hardware and maintinance in ppt.

Read more...

New Update Application – HTC Sync for HTC Wildfire

HTC has now released a software update for the HTC Wildfire.This application is intended for those who wear the HTC Wildfire.With new HTC Sync Version: 3.0.5387 you can to synchronize Outlook contacts and calendar or Outlook Express contacts and the bookmarks of web browser between your computer and your phone. It also lets you install third-party Android applications on the phone, and bring your photos, videos, documents, songs, and playlists to your phone.

Installation Instructions:

Version: 3.0.5387

1. Hardware Requirements (PC)

Intel® Pentium® III or higher processor clock speed recommended

1GB of RAM or higher recommended

XGA (1024 x 768) or higher-resolution video adapter and monitor

60 MB of available free hard disk space, and USB 2.0 is required

2. Software Requirements – Supported Operating Systems (PC)

Windows XP Home / Professional / Media Center Edition Service Pack 2 and 3 (32-Bit)

Windows Vista Ultimate / Enterprise / Business/ Home Premium/ Home Basic Edition (32 & 64-Bit) Service Pack 1

Windows 7 Ultimate/ Professional/ Home Premium / Home Basic Edition (32 & 64-Bit)

3. Installation Instructions

1. Select the file “HTC Sync” & a location closest to you then Click Download below to download “Setup_3.0.5387.exe” to your PC.

2. Run “Setup_3.0.5387.exe” to install it to your PC, and follow the Install Shield Wizard to finish the installation.

(Suggestion: Please close all running programs and temporarily exit your anti-virus program when you install the HTC Sync)

3. Select the “Complete” Setup Type for faster and easier installation process, and then press “Install” to begin the installation. (For advanced users you could choose “Custom” to change the pre-defined shortcuts and the installed application folder path by your own.)

4. After you saw the Install Shield Wizard Completed, please press “Finish” to exit the Wizard.

Start to use HTC Sync

1. Use the USB cable to connect your phone to the PC

2. When your phone prompts you to choose a type of USB connection, tap HTC Sync, and then tap Done.

3. Wait for HTC Sync to recognize your phone. On the Device setup screen, enter a name for your phone.

4. Click Save. The Device panel then opens. On the Device panel, you can set your sync options, see your phone’s general information, check the used and available space on your storage card, and begin synchronization.

Tips 1:

If you cannot see the HTC Sync option when you connect your phone to the computer via USB, please follow the

Instructions below:

1. Make sure you select USB Debugging in Settings > Applications > Development before connecting your phone to the computer

2. Connect you Phone to the PC and wait 20 seconds for your phone to install HTC Sync on your phone.

3. Unplug the USB sync cable. Wait for 5 seconds. Reconnect the Phone to the PC using the USB cable.

4. Select “HTC sync” and wait for HTC Sync to recognize your Phone. This process could take up to a minute your first

time connecting to the computer.

Tip 2:

For best HTC Sync performance on your PC/ NB, we suggest you uninstall all previous versions of HTC Sync 2.0 before upgrading to HTC Sync 3.0 and above. HTC Sync 3.0 is only compatible with models running HTC Sense with Android 2.1 or later. If you still have HTC Magic , HTC Tattoo, and HTC Hero with Android 1.5 then we suggest you keep two versions in you PC/ NB for sync two different Android Platfrom phones.

Note!

* View the Help for detailed instructions of how to use the HTC Sync. (After you see the drop down menu by tapping the Help Button on the upper right corner, please tap the Help again to see the detailed instructions.)

* The installation process takes around one minute. It is still recommended that you close all programs on your PC prior to starting the installation program and do not open any applications or files while the installation is in process.

You Can Download Latest Update the HTC Sync for HTC Wildfire by original source Here

http://www.htc.com/www/SupportViewNews.aspx?dl_id=982&news_id=712

Read more...

Sony Ericsson Zylo User Guide PDF Download

Sony Ericsson Zylo User Guide is a guide that is needed for the completeness of sony ericsson music phone was made.In this Guide contains about everything and information about Sony Ericsson Zylo.Starting from the knowledge interface, instructions for use of various applications in this phone to how to repair and maintain security so that no trouble or damage.

They should read this guide before to use their phone because its user guide for detailed safety instructions.

This User Guide which is in PDF format provides full detailed information about how to use sony ericsson Zylo and its applications and to understanding how they work .Now you can download this ebook to guide before you began our mobile phone.

If you are interesting to gets this ebooks pdf. You can download it from the original source link here Sony Ericsson Zylo User Manual PDF.I hope this books is useful for you.

http://www.sonyericsson.com/cws/download/1/810/725/1276681841/W20-W20i__UG_EN_1238-6766_1.pdf

Read more...

Best Price Acer Aspire AS5251-1513 from Walmart

For those of you who need a notebook with an affordable price but it has features that qualified the latest notebooks from Acer possible this could be the right choice.
Acer Aspire AS5251-1513 is well suited to students when they want to go back to school.

This notebook features 15.6-inch screen capable of displaying a resolution 1366 × 768 pixels, AMD processors use the V-Series of the V-120 single-core 2.2GHz so it will be convenient for you when want to study or work assignments

In addition, there are still other attractive features such as class quality graphics card ATI Radeon HD 4250, 2GB DDR3 RAM memory, 250GB Hard Drive and a DVD Burner. Features Acer Aspire AS5251-1513 such as 802.11n WiFi connectivity, Web Camera, VGA and HDMI Output, Gigabit LAN port, two USB ports, Card Reader Multi in One, and the operating system Windows 7 Home Premium 64-bit OS.

For the price, you do not have to worry because it will be quite affordable for you For the because it is now available online at Walmart with a price range around $ 298 per unit.
It’s the best price is what you get with different feature amazing than this notebook.

Read more...

Full Specifications of Samsung Epic 4G with Video Review

Do not want to lose out to rivals such as Apple and HTC have released their 4G mobile phone is the Iphone 4 and HTC Evo 4G , now Samsung has released the latest 4G mobile products that Samsung Epic 4G .
Samsung Epic 4G including Galaxy S series based Android 2.1. In addition to the slide-out Qwerty keyboard, is equipped hp Super AMOLED touch-screen virtual keyboard and Swype.

Other features of this phone is its lack of access to Samsung’s Media Hub, HD video storage. With 4G facilities, we can download and upload the full. Hp also have AllShare service to share content wirelessly to the electronic device certified by DLNA (Digital Living Network
Alliance certification), such as HDTVs, monitors, digital camera, or printer.

For those of you gaming fans can be very fortunate because with the support of the Android platform 2.1, Epic 4G touch screen gesture of support such as multi-touch pinch, tap or long zoom, and swipe the vertical / horizontal. Gaming experience even more enjoyable thanks to
the six-axis sensor on the accelerometer. Asphalt demo 5 to feel it.

To complement all of that according to rumors circulating Samsung is preparing to upgrade to Android 2.2. Epic equip Samsung 4G with Cortex A8 processor 1GHz Samsung Hummingbird Application which supports 3D graphics, the time to upload and download faster and the ability of HD quality multimedia content. There are two cameras, camera / camcorder with autofocus main 5 MP, Power LED flash and 3x digital zoom for video HD (720p) and VGA camera for video chat. Mobile Hotspot facility capable of carrying up to five devices to WiFi b / g / n. There is a push email to the support of Exchange ActiveSync.

Samsung Epic 4G Full Specifications :

Phone Network : 3G, 4G, CDMA, EVDO
Service : 800, 1900
Connectivity
Bluetooth : v2.1 with A2DP
Infrared : No
Wi-Fi (WLAN) : Yes
USB : Yes MicroUSB v2.0
Fax / Data : Yes
Display
Main display : Super AMOLED capacitive touchscreen
Color display :16.777.216 colors
Dimensions : 0.4 in.
Resolution : 480 x 800 pixels
External display : No
Memory
Internal memory : 512MB
External memory : 32GB
Memory slots : 1
Storage types : MicroSD, MicroSDHC
Battery : Standard battery, Li-Ion 1500 mAh
Calling Vibrate alert : Yes
Photo ID : Yes
Ringtones : MP3
Camera : Yes
Megapixels : 5.1 megapixels
Maximum photo resolution : 2592×1944 pixels
Digital zoom : 3x
Optical zoom : No
Auto focus : Yes
Flash : No
Recording video : Yes
Second (front) camera : Yes
Messaging
SMS : Yes
MMS : Yes
T9 text function : Yes
E-mail : Yes
Internet browsing : Yes
Entertainment
FM radio N/A
Java : Yes
Audio player : ACC, AMR, MIDI, MP3, WAV, WMA
Video player : H263, H264, MP4
Features
Add ringtones : Yes
Organiser : Organiser, Voice memo
Video call : No
Other features : Android 2.1, Samsung 1GHz Cortex A8 Hummingbird, Accelerometer,

Geo-magnetic sensors, Visual Voicemail, Samsung Social Hub, A-GPS
Format
Weight : N/A
Dimensions : (H x W x D) 4.9×2.6×0.6 in.

Read more...

Financial Risk Management in Practice

Financial Risk Management in Practice: The Known, The Unknown and The Unknowable 13 2005 Mercer Oliver Wyman clinical studies.” She went on to note, “Typically we don’t … Contents 1. Opening Address…..1 2. Roundtable 1: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable in Financial Policymaking….. 3 3. Roundtable 2: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable in Banking….. 6

Michael Mussa of the Institute for International Economics opened this annual conference on financial risk management by offering a historical perspective on some of the forces that have intruded on risk management over the years. He argued that understanding the differences between what is known, unknown, and unknowable is critical so that “financial risks may be managed within tolerable limits.” Mussa, a former member of the President’s Council of Economic Advisors, emphasized the inevitability of risk: “To be alive is to be at risk,” he said, adding that “virtually very worthwhile endeavor entails some risk.” He said that simply minimizing or avoiding risk “is not what life is about,” nor is it necessarily an objective of financial management. Mussa argued that the proper goal for financial institutions and regulators is to “ensure that risks are not excessive and that they are efficiently allocated among those willing and able to bear them.” Achieving that, however, requires a “reasonable basis for assessing risk.” He noted that in the past some public policies seeking to reduce risks in financial markets went “too far,” and he cited as an example, the regulations restricting the range of activities open to commercial banks. But now he said, “There is a more important problem, and that is policies which encourage excessive risk-taking.” Mussa said it was appropriate that this conference was being held in Philadelphia because for the first third of the 19th century, it was “the most important financial center in the United States.” The First Bank of the United States, which was chartered in Philadelphia in 1790, functioned as a “relatively stern guardian of the sanctity of credit,” he said, and this was not universally applauded. Indeed, its 20-year charter was not renewed…. Financial Risk Management in Practice: The Known, The Unknown and The Unknowable 5 Copyright © 2005 Mercer Oliver Wyman derivatives have facilitated better risk management. In recent years, he said, financial markets have come through stressful periods with limited damage because of increased diversification of risk and improved risk management systems as well as stronger capital bases. He applauded institutions for managing risk on an increasingly integrated basis. But Kohn warned that “no institution can be too big to fail. ” While imposing the costs of failure on managers and shareholders may be difficult, he said this is something that regulators must be prepared to do for the good of the market. Nonetheless, the growing complexity of institutions” has “elevated” the goal of avoiding crises rather than simply managing them, he said. Anthony Santomero of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia said the dividing line between what is known and unknown “is not a static line - what is unknown can become known.” The real dilemmas, he said, had to do with things that have seemed unknowable. Santomero noted that imposing regulations on realms with many “unkowns” being with imposing underwriting standards, which eliminates known risks. But he warned that “sometimes we call things known that aren’t,” and this can create problems. For example, institutions may be regulated by structuring capital requirements based on loss rates. But this can lead to problems when the regulatory framework doesn’t fit the structure of the banks because there is an asymmetry of information. He explained that when regulators are building a model of risk for various assets, they don’t have all the necessary information, so they must ask institutions to provide the information needed to validate the models these institutions are using. “At the end of the day,” he added, the models an institution uses are theirs, not the regulators, “but regulators must feel comfortable with them.” Moving from the unknown to the unknowable, Santomero said the latter is often the realm of operational risks. The question for banking regulators is whether to require large amounts of capital to provide protection against these risks. He noted that insurance concepts “have a lot to say about this.” Insurance companies are familiar with short- and long-tailed risks, and for insurers some of these risks are desirable to retain and some are not. For banking, he went on, the response to unknowable variables has been to “add an extra layer of regulation,” but he warned that “there is a flip side” to this: Increasing the regulatory burden adds a “dead weight” to a financial institution’s operating costs, and “this can lead to inefficiencies and circumvention of underlying regulations.” Like Crockett, Kohn warned that excessive regulation can be counterproductive by driving activities to other jurisdictions. One member of the audience asked if understating risks leads institutions to hold less capital or to take on more risk with the same amount of capital. Santomero said that if an institution truly has “a better handle on risk,” it can “take on more risk yet be less risky.

commercial banks, council of economic advisors, financial institutions, Financial Management, financial markets, financial risk management, institute for international economics

Read more...

Risk Management of Financial Derivatives

management oversight, excessive risk-taking, insufficient understanding of the products, and poor internal controls. These Comptroller’s Handbook 1 Risk Management of Financial … Risk Management of Financial Derivatives Introduction Background Market deregulation, growth in global trade, and continuing technological developments have revolutionized the financial marketplace during the past two decades. A by-product of this revolution is increased market volatility, which has led to a corresponding increase in demand for …

Risks Associated with Derivative Activities Risk is the potential that events, expected or unanticipated, may have an adverse impact on the bank’s capital and earnings. The OCC has defined nine categories of risk for bank supervision purposes. These risks are: strategic, reputation, price, foreign exchange, liquidity, interest rate, credit, transaction, and compliance. These categories are not mutually exclusive. Any product or service may expose the bank to multiple risks. For analysis and discussion purposes, however, the OCC identifies and assesses each risk separately. Derivative activities must be managed with consideration of all of these risks. Use of This Guidance This guidance is intended to provide a framework for evaluating the adequacy of risk management practices of derivative dealers and end-users. Although this guidance is comprehensive in scope, it provides only a framework. Bankers and examiners must still exercise judgment when determining whether risk management processes are appropriate. Also, while this guidance specifically addresses derivatives, many of the risk management concepts described herein can (and should) be applied to other risk-taking activities. The main body of this guidance provides an overview of sound risk management practices for derivatives. More technical information on the various aspects of derivatives risk management, such as evaluating statistical models, is available in the appendix. Separate examination procedures, internal control questions, and verification procedures are provided for dealers and end-users. The examination procedures are designed to be comprehensive. At many banks, some of these procedures will not apply. Examiners should tailor the procedures to a bank’s activities. This guidance reflects the policies communicated in the following documents issued by the OCC: • Banking Circular 277: “Risk Management of Financial Derivatives” • OCC Bulletin 94-32: “Questions and Answers About BC-277″ • OCC Advisory Letter 94-2: “Purchases of Structured Notes” • Comptroller’s Handbook: “Futures Commission Merchant Activities” Risk Management of Financial Derivatives 2 Comptroller’s Handbook
•*Comptroller’s Handbook: “Emerging Market Country Products and Trading Activities” •*OCC Bulletin 96-25: “Fiduciary Risk Management of Derivatives and Mortgage-Backed Securities” •*OCC Bulletin 96-36: “Interest Rate Risk” •*OCC Bulletin 96-43: “Credit Derivatives” These guidelines and procedures focus principally on off-balance-sheet derivatives and structured notes. OCC policy on evaluating the risks in more traditional cash products with derivative characteristics (e.g., mortgage-related holdings and loans with caps/floors, etc.) is available in other sections of the Comptroller’s Handbook . Examiners and bankers evaluating derivative activities at national banks should also consult, as applicable, the following sections of the Comptroller’s Handbook : “Interest Rate Risk Management,” “Investment Portfolio Management,” “Emerging Market Country Products and Trading Activities,” “Futures Commission Merchant Activities,” and “Fiduciary and Asset Management Activities.” Roles Banks Take in Derivative Activities National banks participating in the derivative markets function in two general roles: dealer and end-user. These two roles are not mutually exclusive; in most cases, a bank that functions as a derivative dealer will also be an end- user. Dealers A bank that markets derivative products to customers is considered a dealer. For purposes of this guidance, the OCC has classified dealers into two types. Tier I. A Tier I dealer acts as a market-maker, providing quotes to other dealers and brokers, and other market professionals. Tier I dealers may also take proprietary positions in derivatives in anticipation of changes in prices or volatility. Tier I dealers actively solicit customer business, often using a dedicated sales force. These dealers also develop new derivative products. Typically, they have systems and personnel that allow them to tailor derivatives to the needs of their customers. Large portfolios, complex contracts, and high transaction volume distinguish Tier I dealers from other market participants. Tier II. The primary difference between Tier I and Tier II dealers is that Tier II dealers are not market-makers. Tier II dealers tend to restrict quotes to a select customer base even though they may have a high volume of transactions. Tier II dealers typically do not actively develop new products.

adverse impact, comptroller, credit transaction, derivative activities, financial derivatives, financial marketplace, financial risk management, management oversight, risk management concepts, risk management practices, risk management processes, sound risk management, technological developments

Read more...